Dryococelus australis, commonly known as the Lord Howe Island phasmid or tree lobster, is a species of stick insect that lives on the Lord Howe Island Group. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Dryococelus and was thought to be extinct by 1930, only to be rediscovered in 1964 on a small nearby islet called Ball’s Pyramid.

It is no longer found on Lord Howe Island, and has been called “the rarest insect in the world”, as the rediscovered population consisted of only 24 individuals living on Ball’s Pyramid.

Adult Lord Howe Island stick insects can measure up to 20 centimetres in length and weigh 25 grams, with males 25% smaller than females. They are oblong in shape and have sturdy legs. Males have thicker thighs than females. Unlike most phasmids, they have no wings, but are able to run quickly.

The behaviour of this stick insect is highly unusual for an insect species, in that the males and females form a bond in some pairs. The females lay eggs while hanging from branches. Hatching can happen up to nine months later. The nymphs are first bright green and active during the day, but as they mature, they turn brown, then black and become nocturnal.

Reproduction can happen without the presence of males (parthenogenesis) – in which all hatched phasmids are females. This quality has allowed the species to survive when they are low in numbers.

The stick insects were once very common on Lord Howe Island, where they were used as bait in fishing. They were believed to have become extinct soon after the supply ship SS Makambo ran aground on the island in 1918, allowing black rats to become established.

After 1930, no stick insects could be found. However, in 1964, a team of climbers visiting Ball’s Pyramid, a rocky sea stack 23 kilometres south-east of Lord Howe Island, discovered a dead Lord Howe Island stick insect. During subsequent years, a few more recently-dead insects were discovered by climbers, but expeditions to find live specimens were unsuccessful.

In 2001, Australian scientists David Priddel and Nicholas Carlile hypothesised that there was sufficient vegetation on the islet to support a population of the insects, and, with two assistants, travelled there to investigate further. They scaled 120 metres of grassy, low-angled slope, but found only crickets. On their descent, the team discovered large insect droppings under a single Melaleuca shrub growing in a crevice approximately 100 metres above the shoreline. They deduced that they would need to return after dark, when the insects are active, to have the best chance of finding living specimens. Carlile returned with local ranger Dean Hiscox and, with a camera and flashlights, scrambled back up the slopes. They discovered a small population of 3 insects living beneath the Melaleuca shrub amongst a substantial build-up of plant debris. Another expedition the following year found 24 phasmids.

In 2003, a research team from New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service returned to Ball’s Pyramid and collected two breeding pairs, one destined for a private breeder in Sydney and the other sent to the Melbourne Zoo. After initial difficulties, the insects were successfully bred in captivity in Melbourne. The ultimate goal was to produce a large population for reintroduction to Lord Howe Island, providing that a project to eradicate the invasive rats was successful.

In 2006, the captive population of insects numbered about 50 individuals, with thousands of eggs still to hatch.

In 2008, when Jane Goodall visited the zoo, the population had grown to 11,376 eggs and 700 individuals, 20 of which were soon after returned to an enclosure on Lord Howe Island.

By April 2012, Melbourne Zoo had reportedly bred over 9,000 of the insects, including 1,000 adult insects, plus 20,000 eggs.

In 2014, an unauthorised climbing team sighted live stick insects near the summit of Ball’s Pyramid, in a thicket of sedge plants rooted in very thin soils at an altitude of 500 metres, suggesting that the insect’s range on the island is more widespread than previously thought, and that its food preferences are not limited to Melaleuca howeana.

By the beginning of 2016, Melbourne Zoo had hatched 13,000 eggs, and had also sent eggs to the Bristol Zoo in England, the San Diego Zoo in the United States, and the Toronto Zoo in Canada, to establish distinct insurance populations.

A 2017 study comparing DNA sequences of phasmids originating from Ball’s Pyramid with those from museum specimens from Lord Howe Island showed that the Ball’s Pyramid sequences differ from those of Lord Howe Island by a degree comparable to variation within the museum specimens, despite some morphological differences between the two groups. This confirmed that the two populations represent the same species.

In 2018 the plan to exterminate the black rat population on Lord Howe Island cited the reintroduction of the phasmid to the main island as a potential beneficial outcome.